HIV-1 patients may harbor viruses of different phylogenetic subtypes: implications for the evolution of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

The virus variants isolated from HIV-infected persons worldwide share remarkable diversity, especially in the envelope glycoprotein, gp120. Phylogenetic studies have clustered HIV-1 isolates into eight subtypes (A-H). Nevertheless, even within a single infected person, HIV is present as a “quasispecies,” or a swarm of closely related variants. This genetic diversity, which in the case of HIV-1 accumulates at a rate of approximately one nucleotide substitution per genome per replication cycle, gives the virus an enormous flexibility to respond to a wide array of in vivo selection pressures. As a consequence, drug-resistant and immunologic escape mutants are rapidly generated in infected persons through all stages of infection. On a global scale, the HIV pandemic is recognized as consisting of many separate epidemics, each with characteristic geography, affected populations, and predominant viral strain type. With an estimated 15 million infected persons, the geographic distribution of viral subtypes is becoming more dispersed, and these demarcations are further confounded by growing evidence of mixed infections. The epidemic emergence of mixed heterotypic infections with HIV-1 and HIV-2 variants has been recognized for some time in the geographic areas where both types of viruses are present. We reported these infections in Côte d’Ivoire and Brazil (1, 2); they have also been reported from India (3). In contrast, homotypic mixed infections of distinct HIV-1 variants have only recently been suggested by the presence of broadly reactive sera and evidence of HIV recombinants from geographic regions in which multiple HIV-1 subtypes are circulating. Dual HIV-1 infection in two patients from Thailand has been demonstrated by viral DNA sequence analysis (4). As the HIV-1 pandemic has grown, the simultaneous presence of multiple subtypes in a region has become common. As a consequence, an increased frequency of HIV-1 mixed infections could be expected. Thus, there is a need to estimate the prevalence and geographic distribution of this type of infection. Sequence analysis of HIV proviral DNA has been the method of choice to characterize HIV genetic diversity. However, because even relatively limited sequence determinations of small polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments are time consuming and very labor-intensive, this method is not particularly practical for large-scale molecular epidemiologic studies. To address this problem, we have developed a genetic method based on restriction site polymorphism to screen for homotypic HIV1 mixed infections within infected populations. The concept of this assay is based on the observed correlation between the restriction maps of HIV-1 isolates with their phylogenetic classification, which is based on the sequence data. Thus, certain restriction enzymes may be used to predict the phylogroup of HIV-1 infected samples. The differences in electrophoretic mobility of endonuclease digestion products result from restriction site polymorphisms in the selected region of the HIV-1 genome and allow for quick recognition of the distinct phylogenetic subtypes. A 297 bp pol fragment spanning the entire viral protease gene is used for our analysis. The viral gene is amplified by nested PCR using DNA templates from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or virus culture. Preliminary classification of HIV-1 strains to well defined subtypes A, B, C, D, and F is done by sequential endonuclease restriction analysis. AluI restriction polymorphism in a PCR-amplified protease gene segregates viral strains into two groups: subtypes B and D belong to one group, and subtypes A, C, and F to another (Figure 1A). Further differentiation of HIV1 subtypes within those two groups is accomplished by analysis of HinfI, BclI, MaeI, SpeI, and ScaI restriction enzyme digestion patterns of the protease gene (Pieniazek et al., manuscript in preparation). The electrophoretic migration patterns visualized by ethidium bromide staining or by radiolabeled probes are then determined on a 10% acrylamide gel. In single infections, a single restriction pattern is detected, whereas in multiple infections involving HIV-1 strains of distinct subtypes, complex digestion patterns are observed in infected persons. As an example, in Figure 1A, we present three distinct AluI restriction patterns of the protease gene that are characteristic for single infections by viruses of subtypes A, C, and F (pattern #1) and by subtypes B and D (patterns #2 and #3). In Figure 1B, we show a typical combination of two distinct AluI restriction patterns (#1 and #2) found in a patient infected with two viral strains of subtypes F and B. Basing our analysis on the conserved protease gene region, we should detect most HIV-1 strains; however, some highly divergent isolates could escape PCR amplification as a result of primer mismatches. Moreover, since a single nucleotide substitution could either generate or destroy a restriction site, sequence analysis remains the ultimate tool in identifying variants of multiple infections. Nevertheless, Dispatches